Churches are built as an act of faith and worship, but some builders also know the value of novelty. If you can get people to come and visit out of curiosity, they may stay for worship. That's not the only reason some churches end up being extreme, but it works to draw people in. Several churches built high on top of barely accessible rock pillars in different parts of the world make the statement that just getting there is an act of sacrifice. Some people think that way, while others just take it as a challenge. Some churches are unusual because of events in their history, like the cathedral in St. Petersburg that the Soviets spent a half century pretending its not a church- yet they couldn't bring themselves to tear it down. Great Big Story looks at seven of the most unusual churches in the world, any of which would make a great vacation destination or an adventurous pilgrimage for the faithful.  

It shouldn't surprise us that records of money and court cases are so often prioritized over records of human lives, which is the case of Eulalie Mandeville. No documented records of her life exist outside of the three-year court fight over her money, but those records tell a gripping tale. Eulalie Mandeville was a free woman of color in New Orleans who became one of the richest Black women in America. Born enslaved, she was manumitted by her white father and raised in his white family. In 1793, she was already a successful young businesswoman when she met Eugene Macarty, who was white and would become her life partner. They were prohibited by law from marrying, and their children were therefore considered illegitimate. Neither Mandeville nor their children could inherit anything when Macarty died in 1846. He was found to have an estate of only $12,000, when his brother and other relatives thought he was rich. The couple had prepared for this situation for many years, transferring wealth and property to Mandeville in different ways, resulting in her fortune of $155,000 (worth around five million today). Macarty's relatives cried fraud, and took Mandeville to court. Read the not-too-long story of that long court case that tells us what we know about the life of Eulalie Mandeville at Jstor Daily. -via Strange Company

(Image source: New York Public Library)

You've heard the phrase "don't think about an elephant." It is impossible to achieve, because the word elephant implants that concept in our heads, despite the word "don't" that we understand. Understanding that negative word in context and obeying the sentence is two very different things, and artificial intelligence has not mastered the idea of negation. It's a good thing that humans can separate uncontrolled thoughts from controlled actions, because we can draw a room without putting an elephant in it -and even when it's there, we can ignore it. But maybe that's taking the elephant analogy too far.

Dr. Erica Brozovski (previously at Neatorama) explains negation and the words we use for it in English. We don't always use these words correctly, but we understand them and we can usually parse what someone is saying to us even when the words are misused, as in double and triple negatives. However, there are rare cases when language is so confusing that we really have to stop and ask, "What are you really trying to say?" Even so, we are better than AI.

Many British castles earn their maintenance costs by flaunting their ancient history. If a king once lived there, or a famous battle took place there, the more tourists that a castle will draw, even if it is in ruins. However, there is one castle that doesn't rely all that much on its ancient origins to draw tourists. Doune Castle in Scotland was built in the 13th and 14th centuries, but what keeps it attracting tourists is the fact that Monty Python and the Holy Grail was filmed there.

You see, when the movie was filmed in 1974 (it is celebrating its 50th anniversary this week), many different castles were scouted, but they were governed by agencies, and the National Trust for Scotland withdrew permission for any castle to be used as a film set, especially since it was Monty Python asking. But Doune Castle was in private hands and said yes. In fact, Doune Castle was the actual setting for several of the castles in the story, filmed from different angles. That decision paid off well, since people are still visiting just because their favorite Monty Python movie was filmed there. Read more about the ancient history of Doune Castle at Wikipedia and its pop culture legacy at Cracked.

(Image credit: Wikifan75)

Passover, or Pesach, is April 12 through the 20th this year. The Jewish a cappella group Six13 (previously at Neatorama) has released their annual Passover pop parody song, and this one is set to the tune of "Apt." by Rosé and Bruno Mars. They call it "PSVR." This video tells of the exodus from Egypt that was the origin of Passover and describes the seder meal, and actually makes a lot more sense than the Rosé song (which has a sort of an explanation in the first comment here). At any rate, this song fits nicely with Six13's extensive collection of pop songs converted to Jewish holiday anthems.

In their What If? video series (previously at Neatorama), Randall Munroe of XKCD and Henry Reich of MinutePhysics look into wild theoretical questions from fans, no matter how stupid they are. Now, we know that the earth rotates 360° every day. But this question is about rotating it in a different direction, sideways to be exact, changing its orientation completely. To see what would happen, they theoretically made the Greenwich Meridian into the equator. That changes everything, especially the way we see the globe. London is suddenly in the tropics, and India is where Siberia used to be. Antarctica would be a much smaller island without its ice cap. Some places, like where I live, wouldn't change its climate or weather too much, we'd just be in a different hemisphere. If this change were to happen gradually, the earth would adapt, but it it were sudden, it could be a mass extinction event.

With all the medicines, remedies, and supplements available to cure what ails ya, the name Dr. Buckland’s Scotch Oats Essence stands out as being particularly benign and natural. What could be more wholesome for your body than oats? And Scotch oats, to be exact! This patent medicine, introduced in 1886, promised to relieve the pain of "sciatica, headaches, neurasthenia, hysteria, ovarian neuralgia, epilepsy" and even alcoholism and drug addiction. That's a pretty broad range for any medicine. It was quite popular for a short time.

But in 1888, a pharmaceutical magazine published an analysis of Dr. Buckland’s Scotch Oats Essence that revealed its active ingredients were alcohol and morphine. Alcoholics and drug addicts who took it appeared to get better, because they didn't have to seek out other sources of drugs! Further research revealed that there was no such person as Dr. Buckland. Read the story of Dr. Buckland’s Scotch Oats Essence and the medical practitioner who was really behind it at The Quack Doctor. -via Strange Company

(Image source: Boston Public Library)

The Grand Prize winner in the 22nd annual Smithsonian Photography Contest shows us a scene from a horror film, in which a giant praying mantis has won a battle against another of its species, having bitten its head off. But this photo hasn't been manipulated; photographer Takuya Ishiguro got down on the ground to shoot pictures of the macabre scene between two normal-sized insects. The closeup shot shows the praying mantises in detail, while the pavement takes on an otherworldly texture. The truck and the signs in the background help to bend the reality of scale.

Click to the right on the Instagram post above to see more winners from the competition in different categories such as People, Travel, the Natural World, and the Reader's Choice Award. Read about the contest and the stories behind the images at Smithsonian. There were more than 30,000 entries, and you can see the 60 finalists here. 

The explosion of channels that came with cable TV more than 40 years ago meant that suddenly there were hundreds and hundreds of people on TV every day, working to fill those channels with 24/7 content. It only stands to reason that some of those folks would end up being arrested for murder, even multiple murders. In some cases, it was only after they were arrested that their TV appearances were discovered in the archives and took on a whole new aura. No, you didn't know there was something suspicious about that fellow when you saw him on a game show- you just think that now that we know the truth. The implication is that any one of those people you see on TV on any given day could be harboring secrets that would give you the willies. Weird History tells us the stories of seven killers who had previously been on TV, mostly for something completely different.

The 26 letters of the Latin alphabet have been around a long time and aren't liable to change anytime soon. The last letter was added to it around 400 years ago, but it's not Z, even though that is the "last letter." Take a guess at which letter it is before you continue with the next paragraph.

The newest of the 26 letters is J, which descended from the letter I. See, in Latin, I was used as both a vowel and a consonant. That consonant in Latin had the Y sound. But as English developed, the I started to be used for words pronounced like a J. At least we think so- we don't have sound recordings, but we can't imagine pronouncing Shakespeare's play as Romeo and Yooliet back in 1597 when it was spelled Romeo and Iuliet. The same with Iesus and Ioseph from the 1611 edition of the King James Bible. To make things easier, they introduced the J, which took quite a few years at the beginning of the 17th century to become standard. Read about the introduction of the J at Word Smarts. -Thanks, WTM!

Laurence Brown of Lost in the Pond takes a look at the US map and addresses the quirks of state boundaries, namely those dangling rectangles that we call panhandles. These are even stranger than the squiggly lines of those borders, because they don't have much of anything to do with natural geography like mountains or rivers. Every one of these panhandles has a story behind it, or what he calls a "ridiculously complex history." Some have to do with the military conquests between England, Spain, and France for American territory as the US was formed. Others are due to political machinations during the time the borders were drawn, because there have always been competition between states, for one reason or another. Or between countries, in the case of Alaska's panhandle. Some of these disputes are still going on the in the 21st century! There's a 45-second skippable ad at 2:47.

Great Britain prosecuted many women for witchcraft under the Witchcraft Act of 1735. That act was actually a reformed version of earlier laws, making a claim of magical powers punishable by prison instead of death. Still, you'd think that witchcraft trials would have died out long ago, but Helen Duncan was charged under the act in 1944! Duncan was a well-known Scottish medium who held seances and claimed to communicate with the dead. During these seances, she produced "ectoplasm" from her nose and mouth. In the image above you can see that the "ectoplasm" looks a lot like cheesecloth and the apparition appears to be a papier-mâché puppet.

It was in 1941 that Duncan really got into trouble, when she "saw" the sinking of a British warship before officials knew about it. Was Duncan a charlatan, a spy, or just a security risk? British officials weren't taking any chances, and charged her under the Vagrancy Act, which covered fraud. But under that law, she might have very well escaped any prison time, so prosecutors pulled out the Witchcraft Act as well in order to ensure Duncan could be jailed for the remainder of the war. Prime Minister Winston Churchill was furious at the charge of witchcraft, and demanded to know how much much would be spent on this "obsolete tomfoolery." Read about Helen Duncan and her World War II witch trial at the Daily Mail. -via Strange Company

Many people don't realize that William Shakespeare's play The Tragedy of Macbeth was inspired by a real king named Macbeth, or formally Macbethad mac Findláech. He was a Scottish king from 1040 until 1057. Anyone unfamiliar with the real Macbeth can be forgiven, since that was 1000 years ago and there have been a lot of kings in a lot of countries since then. Shakespeare obviously fictionalized the story, adding the prophesies of three witches that eventually came true. They aren't the only witches in the play, and there are also ghosts and prophetic visions. But Shakespeare added more than the supernatural elements to craft his story- like lots and lots of murder. Five hundred years after the fact, the bard made a really tragic and compelling story out of the few facts we know about Macbeth's reign and the details that were added much later. In this TED-Ed lesson, Benjamin Hudson explains the many reasons Shakespeare had for crafting the tale of Macbeth the way he did.

Ross Island in Antarctica has a bus that transports people between the airport, McMurdo Station, and New Zealand’s Scott Base. But this is no ordinary bus. This transport vehicle is 46 feet long, and 12.5 feet wide, and it can hold 56 passengers. Its name is Ivan the Terra Bus. Ivan's tires are nearly six feet in diameter, and passengers must climb a ladder to get in. The bus was slow, but could drive through weather and terrain that other transport options couldn't. And Ivan served Ross Island faithfully for 30 years.

The very day the bus first arrived in 1994, a driver backed into a bollard, leaving a dent in the rear which has never been repaired. It's part of the bus's historic charm. The inside is covered in stickers, commemorating its riders' various adventures in Antarctica. But after 30 years, replacement parts were getting hard to obtain, and the bus was officially retired. However, Ivan the Terra Bus's fans hated to think that the bus would go to the scrap heap, and they rallied to make sure it would be preserved for posterity. Read up on the legacy of Ivan the Terra Bus, including the story behind its name, at Atlas Obscura.

(Image credit: Eli Duke)

When I heard a new record was set for the longest tail on a cat, I first thought about measuring my cat's tails, because they are pretty long. But when I got a glimpse of Pugsley Addams, I knew there was no point in doing so. This Maine coon cat from Mound, Minnesota drags around a feather duster that can't be topped! Pugsley belongs to the Cameron family, who has four Maine coon cats: Pugsley, Gomez, Winnie, and Duchess. They knew Pugsley had an exceptional tail, but only when his veterinarian expressed amazement did they think about a world record. The existing record for a tail on a living domestic cat was 16 inches, and Pugsley's was longer. Guinness World Record officials determined Pugsley's tail is 18.5 inches (46.99 centimeters) long!

But he may beat his own record in time. Pugsley is only two years old, and Maine coon cats often don't reach their full size until they are four or five years old. Read more about this long-tailed cat and how he and his brother Gomez resemble their Addams Family namesakes at the Guinness site. -via Boing Boing