At the top of the world, there are four islands. They would form a donut, but four mighty rivers dividing these islands flow from the oceans into a sea between them, then form a whirlpool as the waters rush down into the earth. A "polar vortex," if you will. In the middle of the sea, a giant magnetic rock the size of a mountain stands. Its magnetic force pulls the needles of every compass on earth toward it, defining "north." At least that's what people thought before the North Pole was actually explored. 

You can see all this in the map above, produced by esteemed cartographer Gerhard Mercator for his groundbreaking atlas published in 1595. The layout came from a 14th-century book that has been lost, but was referred to in other works. The lore of the North Pole included inhabitants of at least one of the four islands. This account of the Arctic was accepted in the Middle Ages because who was to prove otherwise? This notion was gradually changed as explorers mapped islands in the Arctic, until it was completely dropped. Read about the early concept of the North Pole at Amusing Planet. 

You might think of birds as bird brained, but there are so many different types of bird that you cannot compare the smarts of, say, a chicken with a crow. Crows are pretty intelligent, and can use tools. But a particular bird of the species Cacatua goffiniana, also known as Goffin's cockatoo, pulled scientists into studying them. That was Figaro, who was clever enough to use a tool to get what he wanted. That put Figaro into a lab with other Goffin's cockatoos to see how good they are at problem-solving. The increasingly difficult tasks they solved surely made these birds regret the day they showed off in front of a human. Still, they proved they can figure out how to get what they want, up to a point. I was waiting for the cockatoos to attack the researchers for the ridiculous treasure hunts they forced on the birds. The subject matter is so wholesome that Ze Frank had to stretch to get any prurient jokes in here, but he managed it occasionally. There's a 70-second skippable ad at 4:30.  

In 2026, Disney will release a new Star Wars movie titled The Mandalorian and Grogu. In 2027, look for another, Star Wars: Starfighter. And that will be 50 years since the first Star Wars movie hit theaters. The question remains- will anyone have an appetite for these movies the ways we did all those years ago? The original trilogy and the prequels came out with three years between each episode. There were 16 years between the end of the original trilogy and the beginning of the prequels. That's a generational difference, made obvious by the disdain '70s kids had for the prequels, which are now beloved by those who saw them in theaters as children.  

Then in 2012, Disney bought Star Wars and everything changed. We got five Star Wars movies in five years: the three Skywalker movies, two years apart, and Rogue One and Solo in between. After The Rise of Skywalker in 2019, Star Wars went to streaming TV. There have been seven live-action shows, six animated shows, and a revival of The Clone Wars. The excitement and anticipation for two new movies doesn't seem to match the vibe for any of pre-Disney movies. Read more on this subject at Gizmodo. 

(Image credit: Disney/Lucasfilm)

Jamie Costa was always a Robin Williams fan -he even looks like him. In 2020, Costa (previously at Neatorama) wanted to make a film biography of Williams, who died in 2014. He portrayed Williams in this five minute concept film, but in discussions, found out that Williams' family had no interest in turning it into a feature-length movie, so Costa pulled the short. Five years later, the family has no problem with Costa releasing the short online again, although they still do not want a full-length film. Any proceeds from the short will go to charity. 

This scene is set in 1982, on the set of the sitcom Mork & Mindy. Williams receives some devastating news, but the show must go on. It shows how Williams dealt with heartbreak by leaning into his comedy. Costa is uncanny in his role, with the looks, the voice, and the frenetic energy Williams was noted for. -via the Awesomer 

When you were in junior high, or middle school, you probably drew monsters or dinosaurs when you were sitting in class. Around 1487, Michelangelo drew demons, and painted them with oil paint. The work pictured here, titled The Torment of Saint Anthony has been identified as an early Michelangelo, painted when he was only 12 or 13 years old. The painting was never lost, but for 500 years, no one knew who the artist was, and it was classified as anonymous. 

When the painting was sold in 2008, the new owner took it to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where it was cleaned and examined, and suspicions began to mount that it was an early Michelangelo. That, combined with early accounts of young Michelangelo attempted the subject matter of St. Anthony in his first painting, convinced experts that this could be the painting they wrote about. He used an earlier engraving as a reference, but it was not an exact copy. The Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth purchased The Torment of Saint Anthony, betting that it was the real thing. Since then, more and more art experts have come to the same conclusion. Read how they discovered the artist behind the painting at Open Culture. An informative video accompanies the article. -via Boing Boing 

(Image credit: Michelangelo) 

William Shakespeare is the most famous writer in history, but we know little about his personal life. You may have seen the 1998 movie Shakespeare in Love or the recent (and Oscar-destined) Hamnet, but the former is fiction and the latter is highly fictionalized history. The truth is that people in the 16th century weren't as curious about artists as they were about the art, and Shakespeare's biography has a lot of holes in it. And maybe Shakespeare liked his privacy. 

Anyway, the documented facts about Shakespeare's personal life are few and far between, and only take up about half of this video from Weird History. Then there are plenty of rumors and tales that mostly arose after his death and may have been changed over time. They address those, too. What it all adds up to is that the most famous English artist of his time is now a rather blank slate for more stories to be written. 

If you've been cooking for some time, you know that you can take appropriate leftovers, throw them in a pot with some broth or juice and spices and make a pretty good soup. It's not so easy when baking or trying a new recipe, because proportions are crucial in those cases. That's why you need a slide rule as a kitchen tool. When you want use up that 3.3 ounces of horseradish before it gets old, and your recipe calls for 2 ounces, can you afford to double the recipe without ruining it? Now, I never learned to properly use a slide rule, and suffer the handicap of having to use math in the kitchen, but if you know what you're doing, a slide rule makes it much easier.

If you have no slide rule and would rather throw out the horseradish, the more interesting part of the article is how to compare recipes. Calculating the proportions of ingredients in different recipes will give you an idea of which recipe is spicier or runnier, and an idea of which ingredient proportions are important and which are up to your taste. Learn how to do this at Entropic Thoughts. -via Nag on the Lake 

(Image credit: ArnoldReinhold) 

When you find a beautiful dog in an unusual place or out in the middle of nowhere, there's a good chance that the previous owners dumped her because they were too cheap to have her spayed and now she's pregnant. This happened to me twice- one was even dumped right in my front yard. I managed to find homes for 15 puppies in total. Oh, you betcha, they both were spayed soon after. 

Joel and Scott found a Great Pyrenees dog right in their front yard. How did she get there? She had no microchip, and there were no lost dogs posted, so they kept her and named her Waco. Waco got along fine with their golden retriever Wellington, and fattened up quickly. That was because she was pregnant, and she soon gave birth to eight puppies who were all mini-Wacos. If you want to see more of these puppies, check out Wellington's TikTok channel. 


 

The subreddit No Stupid Questions implies a judgement-free place to ask about what you don't know. One reader posted, "In pre-cell phone movies, parents are shown giving babysitters numbers to restaurants to reach them in case of emergency. Is this a real thing and how did it work? How would the restaurant know who I am to hand me the phone?" This is not a stupid question, just one outside of their experience. And it sure makes us feel old. 

Yes, this was a thing back in the prehistoric time of land lines. Restaurants knew about babysitters. If they got such a call, they would either find the parents by a description, or call out a name, or check the reservation list. But no, they wouldn't just hand you the phone. The parent would go to the front desk to take the call. Sure, in the swankiest of restaurants, like in the movies, they might have a long phone cord or extra plugs in the dining area, but that was rare. The post at reddit has more than 350 responses, and some of those are stories of such emergency calls that are very much worth sharing. Continue reading to see them.

Cats love to stroll along kitchen counters because they are human-high and often contain tasty or at least interesting things. People have tried many methods to stop them, but all cats are different, so nothing works consistently. I have one cat who roams the counter, leaving evidence that she scratches herself with my cactus garden. I cope by putting dirty dishes away quickly and not leaving uncovered food out. And cleaning the counter often. She has me trained. 

Cookie is a hard case, though. He roamed the whole kitchen and was not susceptible to human tricks. The guy behind the YouTube channel Lab-X is an engineer, so he built an AI-assisted robot with a squirt gun built in, and trained it to recognize Cookie and deter him. He named it Puffy. There were plenty of tests and failures and tweaks to be made before it actually worked. If you don't care about the tech stuff, you'll still get a kick out of Cookie's antics. My cat would spot the robot and knock him off the counter immediately.    

Pissing off my friends in valheim by building dollar generals pic.twitter.com/zjAZNPdauh

— Greg the Sorcerer (@gregthesorcerer) January 11, 2026

Valheim is an open-world multiplayer survival and sandbox game set in the era of the Vikings. You use natural resources to build your own tools, weapons, and shelters. What could possibly go wrong? Well, you could get killed, but besides that, you might find yourself playing with Greg. 

Greg The Sorcerer saw a need in the Valheim world, and filled it by building a Dollar General Store, complete with bad fluorescent lighting. And you know when one Dollar General pops up, there's always going to be more, so he continued to populate the Viking set with more Dollar General stores. It's a genius trolling strategy, designed to pull other players out of the fantasy world and back to reality. In other words, he is spoiling everything. Twitter, excuse me, X users joined in to suggest a Waffle House, and so Greg The Sorcerer made it happen. And he kept building Dollar General stores. PC Gamer tells the story, and suggests that of any of the businesses go belly up, a Spirit Halloween should replace them. -via Metafilter   

Can you think of a more unpleasant science task than to collect and analyze the buildup of scum on someone's else's bathtub? That's a job for grad students, but what they found gives us a good look at life in ancient Pompeii. In the city's public baths, researchers found traces of lead and other dangerous metals, and a good amount of human skin cells and bodily fluids. 

But that doesn't tell the whole story. Pompeii was only under Roman rule for about 160 years before the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius buried the town. Before that, the public baths of the Samnite people were fed from contaminated wells. The Romans installed aqueducts that brought fresh water from distant springs. However, the fact that so much buildup was left behind makes one wonder if they ever cleaned the pools, and how often they changed the water. If you picture how these baths looked when they were being used by many people, it's no wonder that some ancient folk got the idea that bathing was bad for you. Read about the research into the baths of Pompeii at Science Focus. -via Strange Company 

In the 17th century, the city of Edo (modern day Tokyo) had almost a million residents, but was suffering on the brink of ecological collapse due to the cascading effects of deforestation, which affected housing and food supplies, and threatened the very ground beneath it. 

Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled with an iron hand but mostly with an eye toward the long-term benefits to the country and its residents. The government enacted a series of reforms that were difficult, but over time turned Edo into a recovering and sustainable city. One has to wonder how well the people who lived there at the time understood the long-term goals of the sacrifices they had to make- especially those with few resources of their own. The reforms of that period went a long way toward making Tokyo what it is today. 

This TED-Ed lesson by social philosopher Roman Krznaric was directed and beautifully illustrated by Héloïse Dorsan Rachet.

If you saw this sight on a road trip, you'd never forget it. It would make you crave chocolate, don't you think? These three silos sit near the Malley’s Chocolates factory in Brook Park, a suburb of Cleveland. The silos are 88 feet tall and each is 12 feet wide. They can easily be seen from the nearby 480 freeway, and have become local landmarks. 

The silos were recycled from a bankrupt factory across the road in 2011. Is storing cocoa, milk, and sugar in silos even feasible? We don't know, but that was the original plan. There were to be tunnels underneath the silos to move the raw materials to the factory when needed. Moving the silos, setting them up, and painting them pink was quite a job. But the plan to store cocoa, milk, and sugar in them was scrapped before they were ever filled. Still, they serve as a long-term advertisement for Malley's Chocolates. -via Boing Boing 

The startup Galactic Resource Utilization Space (GRU) has launched a website to take reservations for a hotel on the moon. No, the hotel is not on the moon yet, but the plan is to have it in place by 2032. Availability dates will be subject to transportation, and of course, whether the hotel is ever built. Or we should say, installed, because it's going to be an inflatable structure. It will hold up to four people for multi-day vacations, which may include sightseeing, driving, and golf. Talk about an "out of this world" honeymoon! 

GRU is the brainchild of Skyler Chan, a 21-year-old Berkeley graduate, who has enlisted tech investors such as SpaceX and Nvidia. A big chunk of money is expected from the guests, though. Reservations range from $250,000 to $1 million, depending on the vacation package. What's in those packages? Who knows- it costs $1,000 just to apply for a reservation. It sounds like pie in the sky, although that metaphor seems a little too on the nose. -via Nag on the Lake