When Henry Hudson arrived in 1609, the island called Manahatta was a lush area with hills, swamps, beaches, forests, rivers, meadows, tidal flats, and a wide variety of plant and animal life. Landscape ecologist Dr. Eric Sanderson (previously at Neatorama) launched a project to detail what every block of the city was like back then. He’s worked on it since 1999, and now you can use the interactive map from the Welikia Project to see it yourself. The research that went into the work is staggering.
The 16-year process of uncovering what once lay beneath the super-dense urban fabric was (and is) a feat of incredibly detailed historical detective work. The geological and landscape data was the simplest–it came from a 1782 map drawn by the British that included locations of more than 60 miles of streams, as well as 300 natural springs and plenty of wetlands, beaches, and hundreds of types of trees, plants and soil types. Not to mention dozens of hills–after all, the island’s name is derived from the Lenape word Mannahatta, or “the island of many hills.”
But figuring out the specifics of the city’s more than 50 ecological groups was more difficult, as Sanderson explains on the project’s website. They created a list of species that lived on the island, then compared them against the existing data about different environment pockets in the island, creating a web of relationships based on which species were more likely to flourish or depend on which ecologies – they call this a Muir web, after the naturalist John Muir, who popularized this idea of interconnected habitats. The data visualization designer Chris Harrison created this Muir web of the associations between known habitats and species in Manhattan in the 17th century:
The Welikia Project is far from finished- they hope to eventually have all five boroughs of New York City mapped this way. The rest will be more difficult, as they weren’t mapped as early as Manhattan. Read more about the project at Gizmodo.
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Instead of "join a car-sharing club today", it says "Come on Hitler, let's go to the mall!"
I was not convinced by this poster. After some thought, I decided that any serious effort to promote carpooling should include a compelling and valuable perk. For instance, at this university people were always complaining about the shortage of parking spaces. If I were to be convinced to join a carpool, I would want a special carpool parking permit that would let my carpool park close to the main campus.
Some months later, I read an editorial in a local newspaper about how few of the university's students seemed to be pursuing a rigorous education. I submitted a letter, somewhat tongue-in-cheek, criticizing the rather unimpressive recognition given to our top students. I suggested that top-notch students taking demanding courses should be awarded a special "black" parking sticker that would entitle them to access to any parking lot on campus, including faculty/staff parking. I as surprised to see the letter published in the next issue.