Sure, you know these five creatures as stinging, biting merchants of death. But isn’t it time we put aside our differences and embrace the positive?
It Could Kill You: For the most part, scorpions use their toxins to capture prey, ward off competitors during mating season, and defend themselves against larger predators. Unfortunately, humans count as larger predators. A sting by some species can leave you with a number of potentially deadly conditions, including heart and lung failure.
But It Just Might Cure You: Medical researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) have discovered a new use for scorpion venom – in cancer medication. Each year, some 9,000 Americans are diagnosed with malignant glioma, a form of brain cancer that kills about half its victims within a year of diagnosis.
Glioma cells work a lot like cockroach muscle cells. And while that fact is pretty disgusting, it also got UAB researchers thinking about the giant Israeli scorpion, whose venom is harmless to humans but deadly to its cockroach prey. Doctors found that when they injected a drug derived from the venom of giant Israeli scorpions into cancer-infected human brains, the poison destroyed the glioma cells and left surrounding, healthy cells alone. The treatment is still in the early stages of development, but researchers remain optimistic.
It Could Kill You: Thanks to their unique colors and intricate patterns, cone shells look like they’d make great beach souvenirs. But watch your fingers; they’re actually home to one of the world’s deadliest creatures. Cone shell snails come equipped with an extendable “arm” – complete with a sharp, venomous tooth – that they use to immobilize and kill prey. And while the venom certainly helps the slow-moving hunters from going hungry, it can also paralyze, or even kill, victims. The good news: Death by cone shell is completely painless.
But It Just Might Cure You: Cone shell venom, called conotoxin, has incredible potential as a painkiller, with one added bonus: Unlike many current anesthetics, conotoxin isn’t addictive. In 2005, Ireland-based Elan Pharmaceuticals became the first company to market a drug made from the venom. Called Prialt, the drug is pumped into the fluid around a patient’s spine to relieve chronic pain and is believed to be up to 1,000 times more powerful than morphine. Meanwhile, at the University of Melbourne, a research team headed by Professor Bruce Livett is currently developing another conotoxin-based painkiller called ACV1, which was first tested in the summer of 2005. Unlike Prialt, however, ACV1 doesn’t affect a patient’s blood pressure and can be injected under the skin, making it a lot less intimidating. Plus, ACV1 is believed to be as much as 10,000 times stronger than morphine.
It Could Kill You: You know an animal is bad news when its sweat was once considered a state-of-the-art military technology. Meet the poison dart frog, which secretes a highly dangerous neurotoxin, called batrachotoxin, through its pores. In fact, various Latin American tribes used to collect the stuff (carefully) to poison the tips of their arrows for hunting and warfare. Interestingly, however, the frogs don’t produce their own toxin. They get it from eating insects that most likely picked up the poison from the plants they consume. The same frogs, if raised in a laboratory rather than the rain forest, aren’t poisonous at all.
But It Just Might Cure You: Before batrachotoxin stops your heart, its speeds it up. Consequently, medical experts believe it might be possible to tweak elements of the frog’s toxin to bring patients out of cardiac arrest and potentially save lives. And because it also deadens nerve endings, batrachotoxin has potential as an ingredient in anesthetics. Studies into other uses of the toxin are still in the early stages, but the frog’s medical benefits bolster the argument for preserving the rainforest. Most scientists believe we’ve only just begun to grasp the pharmaceutical possibilities of some of the world’s rarest and deadliest creatures.
It Could Kill You: Most vipers are scary enough as it is, but jararaca vipers are venomous to boot. But what’s truly fascinating is the unique way their venom works. Unlike a traditional toxin, viper venom functions by preventing the blood from clotting, meaning the snakes actually kill their victims by causing them to bleed to death.
But It Just Might Cure You: Lucky for us, slow-clotting blood isn’t always a bad thing. Researchers have found that small doses of viper venom can prevent arteries from hardening, thus stopping the kinds of blood clots that commonly occur in cardiac patients. In fact jararaca viper venom (or at least a synthesized version of it) is a key ingredient in most of today’s ACE inhibitors. Introduced in 1981, ACE inhibitors work by slowing down the body’s angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). When left untreated, the enzyme can produce a peptide that causes muscle constriction around blood vessels. That kind of constriction can set off a chain reaction whereby a person’s blood vessels narrow and his or her blood pressure shoots through the roof, leading to greater risk of heart attack and other ailments. Because the ACE inhibitors can stop this domino effect, they’re frequently used to treat millions of men and women with high blood pressure.
It Could Kill You: One of only two species of venomous lizards, the Gila monster is native to southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Unlike other deadly critters, Gila monsters don’t inject venom directly into their victims. Instead, poison oozes from the lizard’s teeth into the open wounds of its prey, usually while the Gila monster is chewing. Because of this, human fatalities from Gila monster bites are rare, but a bite can cause intense pain, nausea, swelling, fatigue, dizziness, and chills – none of which is particularly fun.
But It Just Might Cure You: In addition to all those nasty side effects, Gila monster venom stimulates insulin production and slows down glucose production, which is great news for diabetics. Byetta, a drug manufactured by Amylin Pharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly & Company to treat Type 2 diabetes, uses a manufactured form of Gila monster venom as its main ingredient. Approved by the FDA in April of 2005, Byetta is injected before meals to help their bodies produce the right amount of insulin at the right time – the best part being that it doesn’t cause the mood swings often associated with traditional insulin regimens.
1. Scorpions: Leading the Battle Against Brain Cancer
It Could Kill You: For the most part, scorpions use their toxins to capture prey, ward off competitors during mating season, and defend themselves against larger predators. Unfortunately, humans count as larger predators. A sting by some species can leave you with a number of potentially deadly conditions, including heart and lung failure.
But It Just Might Cure You: Medical researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) have discovered a new use for scorpion venom – in cancer medication. Each year, some 9,000 Americans are diagnosed with malignant glioma, a form of brain cancer that kills about half its victims within a year of diagnosis.
Glioma cells work a lot like cockroach muscle cells. And while that fact is pretty disgusting, it also got UAB researchers thinking about the giant Israeli scorpion, whose venom is harmless to humans but deadly to its cockroach prey. Doctors found that when they injected a drug derived from the venom of giant Israeli scorpions into cancer-infected human brains, the poison destroyed the glioma cells and left surrounding, healthy cells alone. The treatment is still in the early stages of development, but researchers remain optimistic.
2. Cone Shell Snails: Little Creatures Tackling Big Pain
It Could Kill You: Thanks to their unique colors and intricate patterns, cone shells look like they’d make great beach souvenirs. But watch your fingers; they’re actually home to one of the world’s deadliest creatures. Cone shell snails come equipped with an extendable “arm” – complete with a sharp, venomous tooth – that they use to immobilize and kill prey. And while the venom certainly helps the slow-moving hunters from going hungry, it can also paralyze, or even kill, victims. The good news: Death by cone shell is completely painless.
But It Just Might Cure You: Cone shell venom, called conotoxin, has incredible potential as a painkiller, with one added bonus: Unlike many current anesthetics, conotoxin isn’t addictive. In 2005, Ireland-based Elan Pharmaceuticals became the first company to market a drug made from the venom. Called Prialt, the drug is pumped into the fluid around a patient’s spine to relieve chronic pain and is believed to be up to 1,000 times more powerful than morphine. Meanwhile, at the University of Melbourne, a research team headed by Professor Bruce Livett is currently developing another conotoxin-based painkiller called ACV1, which was first tested in the summer of 2005. Unlike Prialt, however, ACV1 doesn’t affect a patient’s blood pressure and can be injected under the skin, making it a lot less intimidating. Plus, ACV1 is believed to be as much as 10,000 times stronger than morphine.
3. Poison Dart Frogs: The Heart-Healthy Choice
It Could Kill You: You know an animal is bad news when its sweat was once considered a state-of-the-art military technology. Meet the poison dart frog, which secretes a highly dangerous neurotoxin, called batrachotoxin, through its pores. In fact, various Latin American tribes used to collect the stuff (carefully) to poison the tips of their arrows for hunting and warfare. Interestingly, however, the frogs don’t produce their own toxin. They get it from eating insects that most likely picked up the poison from the plants they consume. The same frogs, if raised in a laboratory rather than the rain forest, aren’t poisonous at all.
But It Just Might Cure You: Before batrachotoxin stops your heart, its speeds it up. Consequently, medical experts believe it might be possible to tweak elements of the frog’s toxin to bring patients out of cardiac arrest and potentially save lives. And because it also deadens nerve endings, batrachotoxin has potential as an ingredient in anesthetics. Studies into other uses of the toxin are still in the early stages, but the frog’s medical benefits bolster the argument for preserving the rainforest. Most scientists believe we’ve only just begun to grasp the pharmaceutical possibilities of some of the world’s rarest and deadliest creatures.
4. Vipers: Lowering Blood Pressure Since 1981
It Could Kill You: Most vipers are scary enough as it is, but jararaca vipers are venomous to boot. But what’s truly fascinating is the unique way their venom works. Unlike a traditional toxin, viper venom functions by preventing the blood from clotting, meaning the snakes actually kill their victims by causing them to bleed to death.
But It Just Might Cure You: Lucky for us, slow-clotting blood isn’t always a bad thing. Researchers have found that small doses of viper venom can prevent arteries from hardening, thus stopping the kinds of blood clots that commonly occur in cardiac patients. In fact jararaca viper venom (or at least a synthesized version of it) is a key ingredient in most of today’s ACE inhibitors. Introduced in 1981, ACE inhibitors work by slowing down the body’s angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). When left untreated, the enzyme can produce a peptide that causes muscle constriction around blood vessels. That kind of constriction can set off a chain reaction whereby a person’s blood vessels narrow and his or her blood pressure shoots through the roof, leading to greater risk of heart attack and other ailments. Because the ACE inhibitors can stop this domino effect, they’re frequently used to treat millions of men and women with high blood pressure.
5. Gila Monster: Attacking Type 2 Diabetes
It Could Kill You: One of only two species of venomous lizards, the Gila monster is native to southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Unlike other deadly critters, Gila monsters don’t inject venom directly into their victims. Instead, poison oozes from the lizard’s teeth into the open wounds of its prey, usually while the Gila monster is chewing. Because of this, human fatalities from Gila monster bites are rare, but a bite can cause intense pain, nausea, swelling, fatigue, dizziness, and chills – none of which is particularly fun.
But It Just Might Cure You: In addition to all those nasty side effects, Gila monster venom stimulates insulin production and slows down glucose production, which is great news for diabetics. Byetta, a drug manufactured by Amylin Pharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly & Company to treat Type 2 diabetes, uses a manufactured form of Gila monster venom as its main ingredient. Approved by the FDA in April of 2005, Byetta is injected before meals to help their bodies produce the right amount of insulin at the right time – the best part being that it doesn’t cause the mood swings often associated with traditional insulin regimens.
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The article above was written by Maggie Koerth-Baker and Laurel Mills, and is reprinted from the March - April 2007 issue of mental_floss magazine, featured on Neatorama in partnership with mental_floss.Be sure to check out mental_floss' fantastic website and blog:
It's now impossible to mention that shell without also mentioning http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
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and they all taste like chicken! :)
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I'm going to get stung by one of those snails just to see if their anti-venom actually works
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I'm quite interested in cone shells (how I found this site) but in my research I've found they apparently cause severely painfull stings and potentially cardiac arrest. Maybe different species have different toxins.
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